Essay on Principles of Management - 1038 Words

Allison Reach Mr. Michael King Principles of Management December 2, 2010 Case Application: Mixing It Up In July of 2000, General Mills acquired Pillsbury from London based Diageo for $10.5 billion in stock and assumed debt. (All Business, A Damp;B Company) After the merger, managers from General Mills were now faced with integrating the two Minnesota based companies. A special concern that had been brought up was marketing issues. With such household names such as Pillsbury, Betty Croker, Green Giant, Wheaties, and Cheerios, the managers at General Mills had a large task at hand on how to continue to market the many brands under their umbrella. As said by Kevin Wilde, the company’s chief learning officer, they had wanted to†¦show more content†¦The use of these types of teams creates the potential for an organization to generate greater outputs with no increase in, or even fewer, outputs (Stephen P. Robbins 249). According to Beth Gunderson, the director of organization effectiveness at General Mills, you can leverage beyond peoples functional expertise. A perso n from human resources, for instance, would ask a provocative question [precisely because] she wasnt a marketer. And youd see the look on the marketers faces: Whoa, I never thought of that. (Gordon). Aside from the many benefits gained by these cross functional teams, managers face some major problems. The same qualities that make these teams work, that they are large, virtual, diverse, and composed of highly-educated specialists, also work against it. Members of these complex, cross-functional teams are, as long as there are not any outside influences, less likely â€Å"to share knowledge freely, to learn from one another, to shift workloads flexibly to breakup unexpected bottlenecks, to help one another complete jobs and meet deadlines, and to share resources – in other words, to collaborate.† (Erickson). Some the ways that managers may deal with these issues is to look into the issues discussed in the next section. There are a number of items that affect how a team works. These items include roles, norms, status, group size, and group cohesiveness. Roles are behaviorShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. He is often calledRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1337 Words   |  6 Pagesa century ago, Frederick Winslow Taylor’s renowned work The Principles of Scientific Management set forth a theory that to this day is subjected to a similar degree of critique and debate to that in the early 20th century. While Taylor’s ideas were evidently influenced by the works of earlier researchers, it is he who is credited as the â€Å"father† of the scientific management movement (Jeacle, 2004, p. 1164). As such, scientific management itself is synonymous with Taylor to the extent that it is commonlyRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management2994 Words   |   12 PagesIntroduction Good management can be defined as the optimal use of available resources to increase an organisation s efficiency and effectiveness in meeting its objectives (Garg, 2013). 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But perhaps one of the most influential and popular ideas in managementRead MorePrinciples of Management1252 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Project Principles of Management SWOT Interestingly enough, there are different levels of overlap between my SWOT analysis, and those provided to me by others. There is not a consistent characteristic that appears in every single SWOT, but certain characteristics appear in two or three. The most common strengths that appeared in the SWOTs were leadership, charisma, and empathy. When I was answering the strengths section of the self SWOT, I thought others mentioned generosity, listening andRead MoreThe Principles Of Knowledge Management Principles1200 Words   |  5 PagesKnowledge Management Principles The twelve Knowledge Management Principles are aimed at leading individuals to apply key Army principles to their decisions and incorporate them into the actions that they undertake. Out of these twelve principles, the two that appear to be the most critical would be the first and third principles, which apply to the training of leaders, managers, and champions on knowledge management principles and creating an environment in which collaboration can occur on the basisRead MorePrinciples of Management2084 Words   |  9 Pagespowers by training. The company focuses on balancing between local hiring and international hiring to rise the probability of getting talented and hard workers. Chapter 2: 1. Mr.Hamdoun is a big advocate of efficiency. How might principles of scientific management be useful to LCB? - two of the three scientific methods are the most useful to Mr.Hamdoun. 1. Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. 2. Having a standardized method of doing the job. 2Read MorePrinciple of Management1020 Words   |  5 Pagesskills. The assignment will be graded using the following rubric: Outcomes Assessed  · Explain the principle theories of leadership and motivation, and describe the fundamental considerations in managing and motivating individual and group behavior.  · Use technology and information resources to research issues in management. Grading Rubric for Assignment # 2 – â€Å"Hewitt-Packard Company† Criteria 0 Unacceptable 20 Developing 30 Read MorePrinciples of Management2076 Words   |  9 Pagespowers by training. The company focuses on balancing between local hiring and international hiring to rise the probability of getting talented and hard workers. Chapter 2: 1. Mr.Hamdoun is a big advocate of efficiency. How might principles of scientific management be useful to LCB? - two of the three scientific methods are the most useful to Mr.Hamdoun. 1. Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. 2. Having a standardized method of doing the job. 2. How mightRead MorePrinciples of Management1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthere for a little over a year, I wanted to ask these questions. Not to see how different managers felt about specific employees, but to get an overall view of how their jobs as managers directly affected each and everyone s job performance. Management is a science of how an individual works with a group of people, oversees their performance, and tries to effectively and efficiently get them to exceed the goals set forth by the company. It is a science that has guidelines and rules to follow

Odor and Perfume Free Essays

perfume COMMUNICATION AND ADVERTISING ‘CHANEL’ Xing Cheng Zhao Qin Zeynep Sezer Chanel Perfume Background: What’s the different of the man and woman’s perfume Man perfume is generally vegetation type, lady perfume with floral majority And from perfume bottles can see it, man perfume scent-bottle mostly concise have edge, lady perfume bottles are mostly curve. Man perfume bottle of color with grey,black, blue, give priority to warm color Lady scent-bottle color is rich, have beige, pink, red, etc Key message: This product is a unisex perfume, so it cannot have obvious difference between man and woman. e should invite a artist to design a wonderful scent-bottle,a attractive bottle design will catch consumers’ eye . We will write a custom essay sample on Odor and Perfume or any similar topic only for you Order Now this will increase sales volume. Special features: Because to make both men and women can use, so perfume bottle cannot too feminine also cannot too hard, so two paragraphs are designed respectively scent-bottle may be better. Also we need to produce this unisex perfume which has unique flavor. This perfume will used by the couples who want to make their relationships strong. Another special feature is the products use an environment friendly materials which are biodegradable. There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. Our products with bio-degradable packaging. It is favorable to Protect the environment and can’t increase waste . Our target consumers: Our new perfume is produced for the young fashion people especially couple between 16-25 years old and who are living in english speaking countries. For our new product, we chose young generation because our product will launch in Valentine’s day so we focus the young couples who wants to buy the present for each others. The other reseason of our target is: our product’s lower price. We want to make the young people able to buy the product who have small budget. USP: As unique selling points, we focus on price. our unisex perfume is produced with lower price by well-known up market manufacture. Our customers choose our new product on basis of price with brand’s quality. Media of Advertisement As a media advertisement using : TV commercial—-Use a storyboard to illustrate maybe invite famous star as a spokesperson to act the story. We decided to choose for our TV commercial as Robert Pattinson and Emma watson nowadays who are very famous and England stars. Because this is a unisex perfume, if use of television advertising can describe a love story illustrates this one perfume products. our main idea is reflected in this scent unisex, and romantic, aesthetic. The main storyline is a couple of strange men and women with the same fragrance, in passing, are each other on the same smell attracted, then fell in love! Because this kind of perfume is produced by a well-known up-market manufacturer,So the quality of products is believing,and it already have a lot of loyal customers. The company now wishes to enter the lower end of the market, the product’s price will be cheaper than other products of company. It is attractive to consumers, Wonderful perfume with cheap price . Radio spot—- write the script to make a radio play as a advertisement, including sound effects and music Magazine —-use famous star to take some fashion photograph and we are going to make the testers for customers in magazine. We make the people try our perfume in beauty shops and malls. Other media—- we use e-branding in facebook and the websites. We will inform the customers about our promotions and new product in Chanel’s website. And also we use the billboard in street with the photograph’s of our brand star. Special promotion This perfume’s key point is unisex, so special promotion is the perfume is a couple perfume, if a couple to buy lovers perfume, so that they can be presented a set of new product trial outfit. To launch the new perfume in Valentine’s Day activities(make bundling perfume body lotion shower gel) The products discount activities: buy one get 50% discount for the second one. How to cite Odor and Perfume, Essay examples

Pluralism and Neo

This essay seeks to assess and clearly discus certain aspects within industrial relation context. Importantly, it looks at the challenges to pluralism frame on industrial relation while also addressing neo-liberalism concept on a contemporary workplace. The latter is considered from the perspective of how it affects the political, social, and economic environment at large.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pluralism and Neo-Liberalism on a Contemporary Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From these perspectives a real example of workplace changes in manufacturing segment is used to assess how the forces bring about their frictional effects, it is from this that a discussion on the role played by the government to bring harmony in elucidated. As far as the view of pluralists is concerned Industrial relations take into account a vast array of issues. These arise from within and without a working environment. T hese are healthy for the parties involved because they are able to associate themselves with it. Pluralism holds a number of concerns in such an environment that may coincide or contradict other views and perspectives. What comes out is the relevance of these doctrines in making the entire place vibrant and live. This is to realise the expectations of all those concerned or affected in one way or the other (Budd, Gomez and Meltz 2004). Most market orders need civilization from the context of industrial relations. It is thus paramount for some key and essential aspects involving workers standards of living redressed. Even though, there is need to take into consideration, pluralism has a notion of doing away with such approach (Godard 2005). This will also take note of a sensible approach in protecting workers who may end up being caught up in arbitrary treatment (Heery et al. 2008). Such consideration should be the cornerstone of ensuring a free working environment. It should respect s both the employer and his employees is instituted and implemented. Importation of due processes forms a rich recipe for any sound and rigid relationship within the context of employment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reception of the interests of workers according to the context of pluralists fosters limited adversarial relationship between the management and those employed. These relations forms the basis upon which projected and anticipated growth would be realized. Seriousness in fostering such issues will be an added advantage in achieving the overall goal (Greene 2003). A challenge involves not taking into consideration possible pressures from the external environment. A firm or business place in most cases will be influenced with permeable forces to influence the relationship between the employees and their employers (Heery et al. 2008). Anticipation of such forces and adequate conceptualization of the entire processes that can be influential in making the firm unproductive is a major setback (Apeldoorn 2004). Most firms have a permeable wall that allows intrusion of these factors. These can be adequately dealt with in a manner that all the parties involved are not negatively affected in one way or the other. That is why sexual division of labour is more prone in this respect (Kaufman 2004). Neutrality on the gender basis is a problem that has persisted and still exists within the context of pluralism. Recognition of gender and equality is factor in ensuring good relation. This category shields important aspects of work life (Heery et al. 2008). A question that remains contentious is whether sexual delineation is appropriate in distribution of what will eventually end in the pockets and working experience indicators (Keith 2006). This factor has not been adequately brought into light to make most firms appreciate the assumption without much p olitical interferences. Articulation of this aspect challenges this model of industrial relation in the sense that lack of recognition of gender matters may hinder fair environment for the minority groups. This may not necessarily look at the gender imbalance yet they are the most strategic people who can fight for their rights and help bring change that takes into consideration the majority interests (Latham and Craig 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pluralism and Neo-Liberalism on a Contemporary Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pluralists have always maintained their biasness towards law regulation of employer’s behaviours. This is regurgitated in the context of collective representation of the employees. This is also felt in combined regulatory mechanism of employment relations. These aspects form the most important part in any healthy and vibrant work place. The place should at all tim e take into account the interest of both the employer and the employee. Whenever one party is given more attention chances are that the other party is liable to be on the receiving end. This will have final influence on the work processes (Wachter 2004). However, it is difficult to ensure this is possible. The best way of coming into terms of equilibrium will employ the method that ensures needs and demands of the most vulnerable is well articulated (Heery et al. 2008). A challenge comes in when a bigger fish gets more attention than the small fish. Such an approach will pose the latter into a dangerous zone of being swallowed. Most importantly is formulation of a more critical method that seeks to look at both parties without favour or discrimination (Kaufman 2005). This makes the entire place of work considerable and conducive for attaining its mandate. Power struggle between the employer and the employees is another challenge that this model is not getting right. Relationship at work place will always embrace a set of legitimate interests. The anticipation is that these sets will be at equilibrium with one another. The employer and the employees in this respect needs to exercise irreducible core of conflicting ideas and ideologies. However, in most case the imbalance sets in to pave way to the predicaments for the vulnerable group. At all cost the employees will always be on the receiving end in such cases. This model does recognize the fact that workers have the right to combine and come together and form unions to articulate their demands in their place of work (Wheeler 1994). The union will be meant to assess both individual and legitimate interests of both parties and that of the entire community (Heery et al. 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need for policies and laws will help shape the behaviour of employers as well as bring into existence the model of collective bargaining between the two parties. Their alternatives to the Marxists are that there should be balance in any viable industrial relation. Pluralist concerns are built by the fact that this approach make is essential to diversify managerial roles and create more opportunities for both the minority and the majority group within a given work place (Keith 2006). They also assert that a process shaping a business or firm is brought out by a well defined policy and regulations. Key to this is full participation of the minority groups. This keeps the issues of inequality at bay and makes the entire process a productive one. Neo-liberalism has a different perspective on how they perceive work place. By the fact that they accept the legitimacy of employees to possess certain privileges and pursue them, they open a wider concept of a viable work place (Heery et al . 2008). They however, have a tendency of cutting short these views because they place it at the mercy of employers. The main issue in this is their containment by a joint effort of competing market and the managerial hierarchy (Kotz 2010). This concept makes this model a more unfriendly one to the employees because their vulnerability is not accurately taken into consideration (Latham and Craig 2005). Employers’ gets more privilege at the expense of labour. Such an environment will pose more venom to the vulnerable group because institution of unions is less valuable. This gives them very minimal chances to articulate their work place demands. Power imbalance within the employment segment becomes a chronic ailment that takes a century to form scar. Such employees will not be better placed to have alternative means to prevent them from over relying on their employers for their survival. Their routinely calls on withdrawal and weakening of forces and legislative dimensions tha t seeks to prevent healthy market forces lowers the capacity to adapt to market signals (Wheeler 1994). This has a twofold effect on both the managerial hierarchy and their subjects. This is true in the sense that the former benefits if the relevant authority implements such calls while the fate of the latter depends on the mechanisms laid in to look into their demands after success. This might also depend on the unions, even though their voices may be under the waters. They have a believe that the role of the unions is to create inefficiency as well as lower quality in productivity lines. This is because it is believed to impose regulations and rules on the working environment (Kotz 2010). Their jurisdiction mainly features on their ability to weaken the union’s capability of regulating the market labour. In this respect, neo-liberalism is seen as pro-employers and only majors in promoting their interests without compromising on a neutral ground (Nick et al. 2006). One can s trongly assert that neo-liberalism uses incentives in planning to alleviate principal agent issues while taking into consideration of the shareholders interests (Kotz 2010). This concept makes it impossible for the model to create a unified environment that ensures fairness across all the players (Heery et al. 2008). Neo-liberalism concepts of a unique work environment are built from their enthusiastic nature for sharing profits and employee share ownership. This makes them develop a hard line in their favour by the virtue of their aftermath gains (Nick et al. 2006). A positive concept is one that not only looks at the interests of those represent but also takes care of public opinion to gain their interest. This is not true with neo-liberalism because its representation does not spread its tentacles well within a diverse area of jurisdiction as far as equality and equilibrium is concerned (Redman and Wilkinson 2001). As far as workplace change is concerned, my context will look at changes in a typical place of work in a manufacturing facility that houses a number of processes all unified under one managerial hierarchy. In this respect all the employees are not allowed to join or form any union or trade movement to articulate for a better working environment, salary increment, and other issues that may affect their health while at work station (Wheeler 1994). In this case the cartel instituted by the neo-liberalism concept makes the employer have the ultimate say as far as entire matters of all employees are concerned. They therefore, have no time to take into account their special and specific need. From the perspective of neo-liberalism, it is the best way to reduce grievances and conflicts between the employer and the employees. This is believed to increase output because more time is dedicated on work as per the desire of the employer (Nick et al. 2006). But on the other hand, when this is viewed from the perspective of pluralists more output is realized w hen the work environment takes care of all those concerned, their needs and desires considered and well articulated. In this context the employer rights are the cornerstone of day to day activities. Yet despite its inability to recognize bodies that articulate the rights of the vulnerable group, chances are that the anticipated productivity will be a dream that was never realized. The state would come in these scenarios and bring sanity. This is true when the state regulates labour markets as well as union objectives. It can do these by raising wages and challenging the prerogatives of the managerial team. These trade unions are seen as stumbling blocks by the neo-liberalism unlike their fellow counterparts (pluralists) who believe trade unions are the solutions in any working environment (Wheeler 1994). One of the employment regulations is to look into the minimal wages paid to employees. The government has a role of ensuring it sets legal framework that take into account a diver a rray of opinion and desires of both the employer and the employees (Wajcman 2000). This recognition of both parties will streamline the sector and reduce chances of conflicts because environment will set an equal bargaining power. Recognition of trade unions will be the most balanced diets in achieving this. Policies that make these facts a reality will need to be instituted with all parties represented to avoid favour. Protection of the weak who are the employees receiving minimal wages, preventing discrimination on the ground of sex and race, and laying down minimal standards of working environment as far as hygiene, conditions, health and safety is concerned (Wajcman 2000). Conclusion In conclusion the current world will have no room for neo-liberalism concept of workplace environment. This is because the workplace is really changing and people are calling on one another to be accountable. Articulation of diverse views is more welcomed and makes the society a healthy place to liv e in. From this discussion neo-liberalism does not take into account the importance of trade unions in articulation of the rights of employees. Its take on weakening legislative interventions that interferes with market forces makes the workplace unhealthy for equality. This model chocks the employees while taking into keen consideration the desires of their masters. This is unlike the context of pluralism, which seeks to ensure an equilibrium environment for all those concerned. This is also different because it helps set up trade unions that articulates the desires and needs of all the parties without discrimination. However, the state has a major role of ensuring a more balance workplace environment by instating policies and regulations. Such policies take into account the interests of all parties. Such an approach calls for an equal bargaining power, recognition of unions and diverse interests of the parties. Reference List Apeldoorn, B.V., 2004. Transnational Historical Materia lism: The Amsterdam International Political Economy Project. Journal of International Relations and Development, 7(2), pp. 1-32. Budd, J.W., Gomez, R., and Meltz, N.M., 2004. Why a Balance is Best: The Pluralist IndustrialRelations Paradigm of Balancing Competing Interests. In B.E. Kaufman, ed. 2004. Theoretical Perspectives on Work and the Employment Relationship, Champaign, IL: Industrial Relations Research Association, pp. 195-227. Godard, J., 2005. Industrial Relations, the Economy, and Society. 3rd ed. Concord, Ontario: Captus Press. Greene, A.M., 2003. Women and Industrial Relations. In P. Ackers and A. Wilkinson, eds. 2005. Understanding Work and Employment: Industrial Relations in Transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 305-315. Heery, E., Bacon, N., Blyton, P. and Fiorito, J., 2008. Introduction; the field of industrial relation. In P. Blyton et al., eds. 2008. The SAGE Handbook of Industrial Relations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 1-32. Kaufman, B.E., 2004. The Global Evolution of Industrial Relations: Events, Ideas, and the IIRA. Geneva: International Labour Office. Kaufman, B.E., 2005. The Social Welfare Objectives and Ethical Principles of Industrial Relations. In J.W. Budd and J.G. Scoville, eds. 2005. The Ethics of Human Resources and Industrial Relations. Champaign, IL: Labor and Employment Relations Association, pp. 23-59. Keith, A., 2006. A Review of Employment Relations Theories and Their Application. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 1, pp. 187-206. Kotz, D.M., 2010. Financialization and Neo-liberalism. In T. Gary S. McBride, eds. 1992. Relations of Global Power Neoliberal Order and Disorder. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 336. Latham, G.P. and Craig, P.C., 2005. Work Motivation Theory and Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), pp. 485–516. Nick, B., Blyton, P., Fiorito, J. and Heery, E., 2006. Chapter 5 Values, Ideologies, and Frames of Reference in Empl oyment Relations Handbook of Industrial and Employment Relations. Minneapolis: Industrial Relations Center University of Minnesota. Redman, T. and Wilkinson, A. eds., 2001. Contemporary Human Resource Management. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Wachter, M.L., 2004. Theories of the Employment Relationship: Choosing Between Norms and Contracts. In B.E. Kaufman, ed. 2002. Theoretical Perspectives on Work and the Employment Relationship. Champaign, IL: Industrial Relations Research Association, pp. 163-193. Wajcman, J., 2000. Feminism facing industrial relations in Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38(2), pp. 183–202. Wheeler, H.N., 1994. Employee Rights as Human Rights. Bulletin of Comparative Labour Relations, 28, pp. 9-18. This essay on Pluralism and Neo-Liberalism on a Contemporary Workplace was written and submitted by user Kamren Baxter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Hospitals Essays

History of Hospitals Essays History of Hospitals Essay History of Hospitals Essay Hospitals originated in the 17th century primarily as an institution to provide housing and basic healthcare for the poor. It provided a haven to quarantine individuals to prevent the spread of highly contagious diseases. The technologies and vaccinations available did not allow for the comprehensive care we rely on today. Those who could afford clinical care would pay doctors and nurses to provide services in their home. In the early 19th century, as industrial cities became more populated, the demand for clinical and institutional care grew. Medical technology and scientific innovation made ambulatory healthcare available, yet there was not enough capital to support building large institutions viable to facilitate it. Religious organizations, philanthropists, and local governments built private and public institutions designed to deliver ambulatory, inpatient, and emergency care to local populations. By the beginning of the 20th century, hospitals became capable for research, development, and scientific discovery. Facilities became very large, housing and treating patients as well as facilitating medical research. Modern hospitals now provide clinical care to the most complex and critically ill patients while researching, innovating, and advancing medical technology. With increasing demand for treatment of chronic care, as well as the advancements in acute ambulatory care, modern hospitals have integrated vertically and horizontally to diversify their brand and provide an umbrella of accountability as an Integrated Delivery System. After World War II, managed care entered the marketplace. Insurance companies began to contract with hospital groups and Integrated Delivery Systems to provide comprehensive insurance and healthcare delivery, all centered around a hospital or group of hospitals. Hospitals have become a catalyst to the industry, providing the most intensive and critical care to the people who need it most. These institutions have provided a refuge for the sickest and poorest individuals in the community who would be left without care otherwise. Integrated Delivery Systems have been established, promoting corporate investment by mitigating risk, easing the burden on non-profit public hospitals funded by government entities and religious organizations. Vertical integration provides a wide range of delivery rather than one specialty, assuming greater risk leading to innovative relationships with patients and payers. Horizontal integration streamlines processes, provides greater economies of scale, and provides a solid foundation for larger delivery systems. Hospitals have been invaluable to the industry since the 17th century. However, the cost of hospital care has grown dramatically in the past 50 years, and the sources of revenue have shifted from private funding and health insurance to federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare accounts for nearly a third of all hospital expenditures, whose fee schedules and DRG payment model do not promote quality, preventative care. The decrease in the number of large hospitals over the past few decades has yielded to a growth in smaller, for-profit specialty hospitals which places a greater burden on community hospitals that provide costly emergency and complex care. The Hill-Burton Act of 1946 provided federal funding for hospitals in middle and lower class areas with caveats and regulations for how care was delivered. Hospitals that received funding were required to provide uncompensated care to those who could not afford it, placing a large burden of risk to the facility. The Public Service Health Act reinforced these regulations by broadening the scope of â€Å"inability to pay†, leading to an increase in lawsuits and administrative costs to the already large hospital budgets. Lean management with implementation in information technology are key to hospitals’ future success as a cornerstone to integrated delivery systems. In order for hospitals to be effective as we progress into the 21st century, a building structure should facilitate individual doctors in performing their various activities. But at the same time, it must not complicate the indispensable cooperation and communication between specialists and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of patients. Structure must contribute to efficiency and transparency of processes involving different patient categories, but without fragmenting the work processes of doctors too much and decentralizing technology to an unmanageable scale (Geisler et al 158). References Geisler, Eliezer, Koos Krabbendam, and Roel Schuring. Technology, Health Care, and Management in the Hospital of the Future. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. 158. eBook. Williams, Stephen J. Introduction to Health Services. 7th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2008. 183-97. Print.

Definition and Examples of Dissoi Logoi in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Dissoi Logoi in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, dissoi logoi is the concept of opposing arguments, a cornerstone of Sophistic ideology and method. Also known as  antilogike. In ancient Greece, the dissoi logoi were rhetorical exercises intended for imitation by students. In our own time, we see dissoi logoi at work in the courtroom, where litigation is not about truth but rather the preponderance of evidence (James Dale Williams, An Introduction to Classical Rhetoric, 2009). The words dissoi logoi are from the Greek for double arguments.  Dissoi Logoi  is the title of an anonymous  sophistic  treatise thats generally thought to have been written about 400 BC. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: ArgumentationDebateDialecticElenchusMemoryPreparing an Argument: Explore Both Sides of an IssueSocratic DialogueSophism and SophistryStasis Examples and Observations The essential feature [of dissoi logoi], [G.B.] Kerferd writes, was not simply the occurrence of opposing arguments but the fact that both opposing arguments could be expressed by a single speaker, as it were within a single complex argument (The Sophistic Movement [1981], p. 84). Such an argumentative procedure could force any question into an Aporia by pointing out that each side was true within the terms that it had chosen to develop the argument. Both sides depended, ultimately, on language and its imperfect correspondence to the outside world, whatever one might think that world to be. A form of this analytical technique has recently been revived under the name of Deconstruction. Or, the parties could agree to accept one position as superior, even though it manifestly depended on human argument and not Divine Truth. It is from this accommodation to antithetical structure that Anglo-Saxon jurisprudence descends: we arrange social issues into diametrically opposed questions, arran ge a dramatic display of their conflict, and (since the law cannot afford aporia as a conclusion to social disputes) accept the jury-audiences verdict as a defining truth, a precedent for future disputation.(Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1991) In essence, dissoi logoi posits that one side (logos) of an argument defines the existence of the other, creating a rhetorical situation in which at least two logoi struggle for dominance. In contrast, Western cultures implicit assumption that argument is about truth or falsity urges one to assume that one side of the argument is true or more accurate and that other accounts are false or less accurate. Quite differently, Sophists acknowledge that one side of the argument might in a particular context represent the stronger logos and others the weaker, but this does not preclude a weaker logos from becoming the stronger in a different or future context. Sophism assumes that the stronger logos, no matter how strong, will never completely overcome competing logoi and earn the title of absolute truth. Ratherand this is the heart of dissoi logoiat least one other perspective is always available to serve as an other to the stronger argument.(Richard D. Johnson-Sheehan, Sophistic Rhetoric. Theorizing Composition: A Critical Sourcebook of Theory And Scholarship in Contemporary Composition Studies, ed. by Mary Lynch Kennedy. Greenwood, 1998) Dissoi LogoiThe Original Treatise Dissoi Logoi (twofold arguments) is the name, taken from its first two words, that has been given to a tract which is attached to the end of the manuscript of Sextus Empiricus. . . . It contains arguments which are capable of bearing opposed meanings, and it has sections dealing with Good and Bad, Decent and Disgraceful, Just and Unjust, True and False, together with a number of untitled sections. It has the look of a students lecture notes, but this appearance may be deceptive. The contents are what we might expect in Protagoras Antilogiai, but it is safer simply to designate them as sophistic.For example, to prove that Decent and Disgraceful are really the same, the following double argument is brought forward: for women to wash themselves in the home is decent, but women washing in the palaestra would be disgraceful [it would be all right for men]. Therefore, the same thing is both disgraceful and decent.(H. D. Rankin, Sophists, Socratics and Cynics. Barnes Noble Books, 1983) Dissoi Logoi  on Memory The greatest and fairest discovery has been found to be memory; it is useful for everything, for wisdom as well as for the conduct of life. This is the first step: if you focus your attention, your mind, making progress by this means, will perceive more. The second step is to practice whatever you hear. If you hear the same things many times and repeat them, what you have learned presents itself to your memory as a connected whole. The third step is: whenever you hear something, connect it with what you know already. For instance, suppose you need to remember the name Chrysippos, you must connect it with chrusos (gold) and hippos (horse).(Dissoi Logoi, trans. by Rosamund Kent Sprague. Mind, April 1968)

Process and Tracking Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Process and Tracking Control - Research Paper Example However the evaluation of the internal controls involves mostly those that are related to information systems and entity as well as its environment (Singleton, Singleton & Bologna, 2006). It is normally operated by an IT auditor who understands COSO model and is able to apply it in financial auditing during the evaluation of internal controls. Elements of the COSO Model Control environment. It is a view of the internal controls from the perspective of the entity including the environment created for processes of business and controls internally and influences of this environment on whether it is able to maintain an effective internal control system. Ways in which control environment is evaluated with regard to risks associated with it include enforcement and communication of ethical values and integrity, commitment to competence, participation of people who are charged with governance, management’s style philosophy and assignment of authority and responsibility (Singleton, Sin gleton & Bologna, 2006). Risk assessment: It refers to the ability of an entity to asses risks properly and, for those risks that are major, mitigates them up to a level that is acceptable through the use of controls. Risks may be introduced through various ways including changing of the operating environment, new information systems, and employment of a modern information systems, rapid growth and pronouncement of new accounting. Information and communication: It involves communicating information on financial reporting accurately and in a timely manner to decision makers and managers. The various ways in which it can be evaluated in regard to the associated risks include systems that support identification, then capture then exchange information in a manner and time frame that will allow personnel to undertake their responsibilities, financial reporting information, internal communication, internal control information and external communication (Singleton, Singleton & Bologna, 200 6). Control activities: These refer to actual controls themselves. The evaluation of these control activities involves various ways including general controls, application controls and physical controls. Controls are evaluated at three levels which include: design effectiveness, operational effectiveness and implementation (Singleton, Singleton & Bologna, 2006). Monitoring: It refers to the ability of an entity to effectively monitor the controls since they operate on a daily basis, individually and also cooperate with other controls. Various ways in which monitored control effectiveness are evaluated include separate and ongoing evaluations concerning internal controls over financial reporting, deficiencies that are identified and reported, assessment of the quality of internal controls performance over a given period of time, putting procedures in place so as to adjust the control system as required and utilizing relevant information that is external or independent monitors (Singl eton, Singleton & Bologna, 2006). Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) It was first issued by the IT Governance Institute, ITGI and Information systems Audit and Control Association, ISACA in the year 1998. It is regarded as de facto standard in IT Governance maturity assessment. A lot of knowledge is needed on this framework and therefore it makes it

The Islamic Conquests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Islamic Conquests - Essay Example In Empire to Commonwealth (12-19), historian Garth Fowden has delineated three separate geographical, cultural, and political spheres in Eurasia: China, India, and the Near East (the Fertile Crescent and the adjacent Mediterranean coast). These areas were all ancient centers of civilization and because of the distances and geographical barriers involved, had little interaction with each other. This is why China, India, and the Near East/Mediterranean can be thought of as continuous discrete civilizations even though throughout much of their history they lacked the political unity to provide full national identity. Although Islam eventually spread to all three areas, it origin and center lay in the Near East and it was only there that it became fully dominant. The Near East is unique among the three in having close interaction with a wide variety of surrounding areas. The Fertile Crescent is "a vortex that pulls inward and fuses what lies around it. So not only can the Fertile Crescent never enjoy long-term autonomy, but its unity can only be realized on a secure bases as part of a wider unification of the Iranian Plateau with the Mediterranean" (Fowden, 18). This unity was only achieved twice, in the first instance by the Achaemenid Empire (Alexander's fleeting unification of an even larger territory was based on Achaemenid Iran) in the sixth to fourth centuries BC, and in the seventh century by the Umayyad Caliphate. The initial Arab conquests unified the entire Fertile Crescent region with Iran for the first time in centuries, providing a secure economic, political, and geographical base fo r further conquests, for instance by allowing the Islamic state to compete on an even footing with the Byzantine navy (Fowden, 140). It may well be that the impetus to sustain large scale conquests into the eighth century came from the Islamic practice of providing for the army from the income of conquered lands collectively, rather than distributing the lands. This tended to keep the army in being (Karsh, 24). How did the initial Arab conquest succeed so well The Arabs' opponents in the area, the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires, were exhausted after a generation of fruitless war with each other over the Fertile Crescent and were in internal states of near collapse. In Iran, ultimately the loosing party in this conflict, on which the pressure was increased by Turkish invasions from the north (Christian, 260-285), the aftermath of defeat had led to assassination, civil war, and by 633 a state of anarchy in the empire (Nafziger and Walton, 18). Rome was also riven with internal dissensions (see below). So, to a large degree from a military perspective, the rapid Arab conquest of the Iranian state and of nearly half the territory of the Byzantine state, is to be attributed to the internal weakness of the defeated Empires rather to any special qualities of Islam. Other possible purely military factors to explain the Islamic conquests have been proposed, though with less plausibility. In Islam at War, Nafziger and Walton suggest a 'great man' solution to the problem of the Arab conquest, arguing that Khalid ibn al Waleed was "one of the great [sic] natural military leaders in all of human history" (16-17). But this hardly seems plausible. However remarkable Khalid's successes were on an operation level, and as astounding as his victories were, the were (as above) due more to the